4849 Customer Story of a Bad Experience ...Blog # 4 Mohammed

                                                                   

1.From Don's point of view,what was wrong here?What did the shop do wrong that upset Don so much.(After all,they were fixing his van.)
Don took his van to his local auto repair in good faith.
Don knew he would be looked after because he is a regular customer there.
From Don's point of view the auto shop was charging him too much. 

2.From the repair shop owner's point of view,what was wrong with getting upset at them?What did they do right or wrong?
The auto shop owner told Don what the problem was.And how much it would cost Don to fix the van.It was a big repair job.That's why the charge was quite high.He was charging Don for the parts and the amount of work required.Don wasn't expecting anything major to be wrong with the van.But if the problem was big,then that's not the auto shop owner's fault.

3.What should have been done in this circumstance?If you were Don,what would you have done?
Don didn't expect a big repair.And the auto shop should have contacted Don before they opened the engine and explained to him the problem.That way Don would most probably have a rough idea that the repair job was quite big.And he was looking at a big bill for the repair

4.When the repair was finished,and Don went to pick his van,he took the van and did not pay the whole repair bill.Did the repair shop have the right to hold the van until they got paid?
Yes.That could have held on to the van till the full repair cost was paid.This is because the auto repair guy did tell him the cost to fix the van before he fixed the van.
The repair cost was most probably too high.Maybe that's the reason they didn't say anything about the full payment.
There is Consumer Guarantees Act to protect consumers from such incidents.

*What are your rights if the garage charges you hundreds of dollars more than it said it would, and then won't give your car back unless you pay?


What is a repairer's lien?
A repairer's lien is a legal right for repairers to hold goods (such as motor vehicles) until they have been paid for work they have done on them. The right is "possessory". That is, it depends on the repairer having possession of the goods.
So the garage is entitled to hang on to the car?
No. Provided you offer to pay the price you were originally quoted, the garage is not entitled to hold your car. It can only apply a lien if it can justify the price it is demanding. But a quote is binding, so you cannot be asked to pay more.


In fact, if you offer to pay the price originally quoted and the repairer continues to hold your car hostage, it may be liable to pay you "damages in conversion and detinue". This applies where goods are intentionally held even though someone else is entitled to them.

But what if the garage simply refuses to release my car?

If this is the case, and you have the money, pay the full amount owing. But tell the retailer, preferably in writing, that you are doing so "without prejudice". This means you reserve any legal right you may have to seek damages or compensation, even though you have agreed to pay. You can then claim compensation in a Disputes Tribunal.

It is worth negotiating. The garage might release the car if you pay the original quoted amount, and agree to take the case to a Disputes Tribunal. If the garage accepts this, its right to possession ends. It can not legally take back your car, even if you do not pay the balance the garage believes is owing.

What if the garage gave me an estimate?

An estimate is not binding in the same way as a quote, but still should be a reasonable indication of the price for the work. We suggest you adopt the same approach, offering to pay what you consider justified and taking the matter to a Disputes Tribunal if necessary.

What if I simply leave the car with the garage and refuse to pay?

After two months, if the car has still not been collected and the work paid for, the Wages Protection and Contractors' Liens Act Repeal Act entitles the garage to sell the goods at auction to recover its costs. However, before selling the car, the garage must:

Give you one week's notice in writing (if they know your address).

Advertise its intention to sell the car in the local newspaper (regardless of whether it knows your address).

The advertisement must include:

The name of the garage (as the company to which the money is owed).

The amount of the debt.

A description of your car.

The time and place of the sale.

The name of the auctioneer.

If the car is sold at auction the garage must use the proceeds of the sale to pay:

The cost of advertising.

The cost of selling the car.

The amount of the debt.

If any money is left over, it must be paid to the Registrar of the District Court nearest to the place of the sale, where it will be held for your benefit.

Dry cleaners, jewellers and others who often hold unclaimed goods must obey the same rules, although we are aware that many don't.


5.If Don took the repair shop to court,what would you have ruled if you were the judge?Should the repair shop pay for a replacement rental vehicle?
Should Don pay the whole repair bill?Should the repair shop pay Don for lost business because he could not pick up and deliver clothed to his customers?
The auto repair guy did tell Don the cost of the fix.
And he did tell Don the estimated time it would take to fix.
And the van was ready within the time frame given.And Don didn't ask for a replacement vehicle.
I would rule that the auto repair guy was charging too much.And would reduce the repair cost.
But no extra for the lost business that Don would have had.

6.What New Zealand Laws relate to this story?What do New Zealand Laws say should be done in this case?
If you have been charged more then the market price for goods or services,and you did not agree to the cost,you can get other quotes and get your money back.
This can be done through the Disputes Tribunal.
Also can get the money back through the Fair Trading Act,and the Consumer Guarantees Act

4849 BLOG # 3 TREATY OF WAITANGI Mohammed

         TREATY OF WAITANGI AND SUSTAINABILITY

The Treaty of Waitangi is a treaty first signed on 6th February 1840 by the representatives of the British Crown and various Maori chiefs from the North island of New Zealand.The treaty established a British Governor of New Zealand,recognised Maori ownership of their lands and other properties,and gave the Maori the rights or British points of view,the treaty gave British sovereignty over New Zealand,and gave the Governor the right to govern the country.Maori believed they ceded to the   Crown a right of governance in return for protection,without giving up their authority to manage  their own affairs.After the initial signing at Waitangi,copies of the treaty were taken around New Zealand and over the following months many other chiefs signed.In total there are nine copies of the Treaty of Waitangi,including the original signed on February 6 1840.Around 500 chiefs,including at least 13 females signed the Treaty of Waitangi.
Until the 1970's,the Treaty was generally ignored by both the courts and the parliament,although it was usually depicted in New Zealand history as a generous act on the part of the Crown.From at least the 1960's,Maori have looked to the Treaty for rights and remdies for land and loss and unequal treatment by the state,with little success.From the late 1960's,Maori began drawing attention to the breaches of the Treaty,and subsequent histories have emphasised problems with it's translation.
In 1975,the Waitangi Tribunal was established as a permanent commission of inquiry tasked with researching breaches of the Treaty by the Crown or it's agents,and suggesting means of redress.
Today it is generally considered the founding document of New Zealand as a nation.Despite this,the treaty is often the subject of heated debate.Many Maori feel that the Crown did not fulfil it's obligations under the Treaty,and have presented evidence of this before sittings of the Tribunal.
Non Maori New Zealanders have suggested that Maori may be abusing the Treaty in order to claim the"special privileges".The Crown,in most cases,is not obliged to act on the re commendations of the tribunal but nonetheless in many instances has accepted that it breached the Treaty and it's principles.Settlements to date have consisted hundreds of millions of dollars in cash and assets,as well as apologies.
The date of the signing has been celebrated as a national holiday,now called Waitangi Day,since 1974. 
Reference:Information from Wikipedia


 1.What part of the treaty relates to pollution and sustainability?Write the phrase that relates here:

Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and to the respective families and individuals thereof the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates,Forest Fisheries and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess as long as it their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession;  but the Chiefs of the United Tribes and the individual Chiefs yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of Preemption over such lands as as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to alienate at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective Proprietors and persons appointed by Her Majesty to treat them in that behalf. 
(answer highlighted in blue)

2.What are the ways that modern civilisation could pollute the land,the sea,or the air?

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability,disorder,harm or discomfort to the ecosystem,ie,physical systems or living organisms.Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy,such as noise,heat or light.Pollutants,the elements of pollution,can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.Pollution is often classed as point,or non point source pollution.

A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air,water,soil.
Three factors determine the severity of the pollutant;it's chemical nature,the concentration and the persistence.

Forms of Pollution

• Air pollution is the release of chemicals and particles into the atmosphere.Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide,sulphur dioxide,chloro fluorocarbons (CFC's) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.Photo chemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and  hydrocarbons react to sunlight.Particulate matter,or fine dust is characterised by their micrometre PM10 or PM 25.
• Light pollution includes light trespass,over-illumination and astronomical interference.
• Littering is the throwing of inappropriate man-made objects,unremoved onto public and private properties.
• Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released intentionally,by spill or underground leakage.Among the most significant soil contamination are hydrocarbons,heavy metals,MTBE,herbicides,pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Radioactive contamination,resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics,such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research,manufacture and deployment.
• Thermal pollution is a temperature change in natural water bodies,caused by human influence,such as use of water as a coolant in a power plant.
• Visual pollution is,which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines,motorway billboards,scarred landforms (as from strip mining),open storage of trash or municipal solid wastes.
• Water pollution,by the discharge of waste water from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally) or through spills) into surface waters,discharges of untreated domestic sewage,and chemical contaminants,such as chlorine,from treated sewage,release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff,which may contain chemical fertilisers and pesticides),waste disposal and leaching into groundwater,eutrophication and littering.

All these caused by the modern civilisation.
Reference:Information from Wikipedia

3.What New Zealand legislation directs what should happen about pollution?

• Clean Air Act 1972
• Resource Management Act 1991
• Litter Act 1979
• Smoke free Legislation 1997

4849 BLOG # 2 Mohammed

                4849  Practical workbook
                     SAFETY SYSTEMS

Warrant of Fitness
Work sheet one.
Make of vehicle:TOYOTA                           Model:Caldina                            Year:2000

Make a list of nine (9) safety components found in your vehicle

1. 2 Front Air bags
2. ABS Brakes
3. Hand brake
4. Brake Lights
5. Seat belts
6. Horn (Audible Device)
7. Rear View Mirror
8. High Stop Light
9. Indicator Lights

WORK SHEET ONE - FRONT
Make: TOYOTA                                                Model: Caldina
Year: 2000                        Body Type:Station Wagon            Vehicle class:MA
Type of Seat Belts (Front)  D             Number: 2
                                (Rear)  D,L          Number: 3
*D = Diagonal
*L = Lap

Pretensioners fitted: No

Safety check List
TONGUE and BUCKLE ASSEMBLY

Check the engagement of tongue and buckle                                  Pass

The tongue and buckle should securely latch                                 Pass

together with very little play

The tongue should eject actively when released                              Pass

There should be no visible cracks on the buckle                             Pass

and the buckle cover must be intact.

The tongue should have no metal deformation webbing                Pass

marks or visible cracks on metal or plastic sections

RE TRACTOR

Pull the belt out as far as it will go,then release it.                        Pass

The belt should return all the way to the re tractor                        Pass

without sticking,gripping or stalling

The re tractor should lock if the webbing is pulled                        Pass

out suddenly.

WEBBING

The webbing should be securely attached to it's end fittings         Pass

and displaying no stretching or pulled stitching.

The webbing should be flat throughout its entire length               Pass

Look for plastic burn marks,frayed stitching and any                    Pass

signs of rippling.

Look for fading - exposure to sunlight can reduce the                   Pass

strength by up to 50%.

ANCHORAGE

Ensure all anchorages are free from corrosion and are                  Pass

securely fastened to the vehicle structure

All mounting points should not show any signs of deformation    Pass

Report:

*The seat belts and the tongue and buckle assembly are all in good condition.

*Anchorages are all good.

*There is no wear and tear on the belts.

*There is no rust.

WORK SHEET TWO - REAR

Safety check list

TONGUE and BUCKLE ASSEMBLY

Check the engagement of tongue and buckle.                                     Pass

The tongue and buckle should securely latch                                     Pass

together with very little free play.

The tongue should eject actively when released                                  Pass

There should be no visible cracks on the buckle                                 Pass 

and the buckle cover must be intact.

The tongue should have no metal deformation,webbing                    Pass

marks or visible cracks on metal or plastic sections

RE TRACTOR

Pull the belt out as far as it will go,then release it.                            Pass

The belt should return all the way to the re tractor                            Pass

without sticking,gripping or stalling.

The re tractor should lock if the webbing is pulled                             Pass

out suddenly.

WEBBING

The webbing should be securely attached to its end                           Pass

fittings displaying no stretching or pulled stitching.

The webbing should be flat throughout its entire length                   Pass

Look for plastic burn marks,frayed stitching and any                        Pass

signs of rippling.

Look for fading - exposure to sun light can reduce the                      Pass 

strength by up to 50%.

ANCHORAGE

Ensure all anchorages are free from corrosion and are                      Pass 

securely fastened to the vehicle.

All mounting points should not show any signs of deformation        Pass 

Report:

*The seat belts and the tongue and buckle assemblies are all in good condition.

*There is no wear and tear on the belts.

*Anchorages are all in good condition.

*There is no sign of any rust.

                      Supplementary Restraint System

*Air Bags:            S.R.S = Supplementary Restraint System

                                A.B  = Air Bag

Vehicle Make:TOYOTA                                         Model: Caldina      

Year: 2000                                   NZ Import

Type of Seat Belts: Front (type) D                                   Number:2 x Diagonal

                                 Rear (type) D,L                                Number:2 x Diagonal,1 x Lap

AIR BAGS:(number)         Front:2                 Rear:None                  Side:None

Dash warning light working:Yes

                                            Warrant of Fitness

WOF Check Sheet

Make: TOYOTA                              Model: Caldina

Year: 2000                                       Year first registered in NZ: 2002

Registration No: FCH 299             Chassis No: ST 210-4040571

WOF expiry date:19/01/2011         Fuel type: Petrol

CHECK AREAS.

Area and Rule ID #                                                             Comments

Vehicle Identification. 1
Vin and chassis number Pass

Vehicle Exterior 2
Structure Pass                                                             *No rust.

Vehicle Structure 3
External projections N/A                                            *Got roof rack.But height is under 100 mm.

Lighting 4
Headlamps Pass                        
Front and Rear fog lamps Pass                                  *Just front Fog lamps.
Cornering lamps Pass
Daytime running lamps  N/A                                     *Does not have this system.
Direction indicator lamps (front) Pass
Direction indicator lamps (rear) Pass
Forward-facing position lamps Pass                          *Front park lights.
Rearward-facing position lamps Pass                        *Rear park lights.
Stop lamps Pass
High-mounted stop lamp Pass
Rear registration plate lamp Pass
Rear reflectors Pass
Reversing lamps Pass
Non-specified lamps N/A                                            *No additional lamps fitted.

Vision  5
Windscreen Pass
Other Glazing Pass
Sun visors Pass
Wipers Pass                                                                  *Should change the wiper blades soon.
Washers Pass                                                               *Need to top up the washer fluid bottle.
Rear view mirror Pass

Entrance and Exit. 6
Door and hinged panel retention system Pass           *Need to grease the hinges a bit.

Vehicle Interior   7
 Seats and seat anchorages Pass                                 *Anchorages ok.No rust                       
Head restraints Pass
Seat belts and seat belt anchorages Pass                    *Seat belts in good condition.
Airbags Pass
Interior Impact Pass
Speedometer Pass
Audible Warning Device Pass

Brakes 8
Components Pass                                                        *Need to change brake fluid soon.
ABS self check Pass
Service brake performance
Service brake balance
Parking brake performance

Steering and Suspension 9
Steering mechanism Pass                                           *Rack boots good.
Suspension mechanism Pass                                      *All bushings in good condition.

Tyres,Wheels and Hubs 10
Tyre condition Pass
Tread Depth     Pass
         Left Front    8mm
         Right Front 8mm
         Left Rear      7mm
         Right Rear   7mm  
Spare tyre security       Pass
Space -saver tyre label Pass
Wheels               Pass
Hubs and Axles Pass 
Mudguards         N/A                                                   *Car does not have mudguards.

Exhaust 11
Exhaust System Pass

Towing Connections 12
Towing connections N/A                                            *Automatic car.Did not fit tow bar.

Miscellaneous Items 13
Engine and Drive train Pass                                      *Engine clean and dry.No oil leaks.
Fuel tank and fuel lines Pass                                          

Alternative Fuels
Alternative fuel system in working order N/A                   *Only petrol car
Alternative fuel inspection certificate current N/A          *Only petrol car
Alternative fuel system safe N/A                                        *Only petrol car

Modified Vehicle
Valid LVV plate,declaration or authority card N/A         *Standard car

Recommendations:
Car in a good condition.
Well maintained.
Need to change brake fluid.Hasn't been changed in 3 years.
Can do with a new set of wiper blades.
Need to fill in the washer bottle with windscreen cleaner.Its better than water.
        

4849 BLOG # 1 Mohammed

                                                       
                                                      BLOG # 1

All vehicles driven on the roads must be road worthy and have a valid Warrant of Fitness sticker issued after the vehicle is checked and approved by a New Zealand Transport Agency organisation.

The Warrent of Fitness is:
(a)Limited to an inspection to ensure compliance with certain vehicle and safety standards required required by law;
(b)Generally only an external and visual inspection of a vehicle.
(c)Generally limited to an inspection of the terms listed on the front of this Checksheet.

Any car 5 years and under will get a WoF valid for 1 year.
All vehicles older than 5 years will get a WoF valid for only 6 months.
If the vehicle does not have a current or valid Warren of Fitness,the vehicle cannot be registered until there is a valid WoF.

           Vehicle Safety Inspection Sheet

Student Name:Mohammed                                             Contact No:02102950872
Vehicle:Name  TOYOTA                       Model:CALDINA            Year:2000
VIN:7A8H6240708040571                     Fuel type:Petrol

External Inspection:
Compliant?                             Item:                                                     Comments:
     Yes                      Direction Indicator Lamps Front

     Yes                      Forward Position  Lamps

     Yes                      Front Fog Lamps                                           *Crack on the left lens

     Yes                      Direction Indicator Lamps Rear

     Yes                      Rearward Position Lamps

     Yes                      Stop Lamps

     Yes                      High-mounted Stop Lamps

     Yes                      Registration Plate Lamps

     Yes                      Rear Reflectors

    N/A                      Other Lamps                                                   *No other lamps fitted

     Yes                      Windscreen

     Yes                      Other Glazing

     Yes                      Doors and Hinged Panels

    N/A                      Mudguard's

    N/A                      External Projections

     Yes                      Structure/Corrosion

     Yes                      Dimensions

Internal Inspection:
Compliance?                     Item:
     Yes                     Wipers/Operation                                            *Needs new wiper blades

     Yes                     Rear View Mirrors 

     Yes                     Sun Visors

     Yes                     Seat belts

     Yes                     Seat belt Anchorages

     Yes                     Head Restraints

     Yes                      Interior Impact

     Yes                     Air Bag Self Test

     Yes                     ABS Self check

     Yes                     Audible Warning Devices

     Yes                     Spare Wheel Security                                       *Jack handle missing

     Yes                     Space Saver Warning Label


Chassis Under body:
Compliance?                                Item:                                      Comments:
     Yes                           Wheels, Hubs & Axles   

     Yes                           Steering Mechanism                         

     Yes                           Suspension Mechanism

     Yes                           Fuel Tank & Fuel Lines

     Yes                           Cable Linkage

     Yes                           Brake Controls

     Yes                           Lines & Hoses

     Yes                           Exhaust System

     Yes                           Tire Condition

     Yes                           Tire Tread Depth     
                              LF:8 mm               RF:8 mm                    LR:7mm                  RR:7mm 

     Yes                           Towing Connections                                        

     N/A                          Towing Safety Chain(s)                       *Not Fitted

     Yes                           Structure/Corrosion

    
Under Bonnet:
Compliance?                                   Item:                                                   Comments:
     N/A                         A/F System in Working Order                        *No A/F System

     N/A                         A/F System Cert. Current                               *No A/F System

    N/A                          A/F System Safe                                              *No A/F System

    N/A                          Modified Vehicle                                             *Not Modified

    Yes                           Chassis VIN Number 

    Yes                           Structure/Corrosion

    Yes                           Engine & Drive Train

    Yes                           Fuel System                                                      *Petrol


Recommendations:
Car in good condition.
Need to get jack handle.
Pass.



*Foward Position Lamps => Front Park Lights
*Rearward Position Lamps => Rear Park Lights
*Audible Warning Device => Horn/Siren
*A/F System => Alternative Fuel System

1.

2.

        
1. and 2. are the actual Warrant or Fitness Form.
On this form you have to state if the vehicle is petrol or diesel.
You also have to fill in if the windscreen washer is working or not.

Many workshops fail vehicles with damaged cv joint boots.But in fact the cv joint boots are not part of the WOF.
But the reason a vehicle can be failed for the damaged cv joint boots is because the grease from the cv joint could go in the brake system.And grease on the brake rotors and pads is not good.It could cause the vehicle not to brake properly.
And the brake pads and rotors get quite hot.And if there is grease on the rotors and pads,it can catch fire.

If the tyres on both sides are not of the same size,then thats a fail as well.
If the interior glazing is missing,then thats a fail as well.
The tyre numbers should be the same.This is because the different numbers are for the different speeds the tyres are designed for.

A.

    This (A) is the report sheet of the brake test we did  on a 1990 Nissan Pulsar.                                                                        
The values may be a bit different to a BMW or some other big sedan because the Nissan Pulsar we were testing is a hatchback and much lighter in weight.
                                                                

ENGINE CONTROL SENSORS....Mohammed 4848 BLOG # 4

      PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IGNITION PATTERNS


Warning:Ignition coils create high voltage.It can be dangerous,so avoid getting too close to ignition parts when the engine is running.Make your connections when the engine is OFF.and keep your distance when the engine is running.Even some primary is high enough to stop a "Pacemaker".


Also:Do not run engines with Secondary Ignition HT leads "open circuit".Make sure they are grounded to the engine through a spark plug,grounding wire, or a a spark tester.


PRIMARY VOLTAGE PATTERNS:
Set up a lab scope or ignition oscilloscope to view the primary ignition pattern (in parade or display mode) on your lab scope,with the engine warmed up and idling.


Record the average FIRING VOLTAGE (or "STEP UP VOLTAGE") for each cylinder in the chart below.Some variation is normal,just pick the average.
300 volts +.


Record the average BURN VOLTAGE for each cylinder in the chart below
50-60 volts.


Record the average BURN TIME in milliseconds for each cylinder in the chart below
1.4 - 1.6 ms


Record the average DWELL TIME for each of the cylinders in the chart below.What unit of measurement are you using to measure the dwell time?
7.5 ms


Are all these primary ignition voltage readings normal?
Yes.

       ...................................................................................................................................
CYL 1                   CYL2                        CYL3                      CYL4            PRIMARY IGNITION
        ..................................................................................................................................
300V +                  300V+                       300V+                  300V+      FIRING VOLTAGE


55V                        55V                           55V                      55V           BURN VOLTAGE


1.5ms                     1.5ms                        1.5ms                   1.5ms         BURN TIME


7ms                         7ms                           7ms                      7ms           DWELL TIME
        .................................................................................................................................

                                                                             

Primary ignition waveform of a single cylinder.

The ignition waveform of the four cylinders

Discuss what the primary display or parade patterns emphasizes for diagnosis.What can it help you see?
This shows the actual voltage needed to fire each spark plug (Firing Voltage)
The duration of each spark   (Spark Line)
It shows the condition of the coil  (oscillations)

Shows the voltage spike
Shows the burn time.
Shows the burn voltage.
from the above waveform,i can check the 6 stage of ignition pattern in 4 cylinders
battery voltage,dwell time,firing kv,spark burn time,continuing,oscillation.
1.The Battery Voltage is the initial input voltage.This voltage is supplied constantly by the alternator.It can range from 13.6 volts to 14.4 volts.
If the alternator is not charging,then definitely there will be different results.
The vehicles performance will go down.

2 is the dwell part of the pattern.This is where the coil is actually turned on by the vehicles control module.The coil is building up a strong magnetic field to fire the spark plug during this part of the pattern.

3 is the part of the pattern where the spark is actually firing.The initial spark uses the most voltage,as the spark is generated less voltage is needed to maintain the spark and the voltage drops.the amount of time the spark stays active and the amount of voltage needed to keep the spark going can give you clues as to whats going on inside the cylinder.
A low starting spark line could indicate that the spark plug could be oil fouled,that a short in the plug wire is present,or that the cylinder compression is low.

5 to 6 is the part where the coil is turned off,and the magnetic field that the coil has generated is now collapsing.
You can get an idea what condition your coil is in by watching the oscillations just after the spark plug has fired.
If there are fewer than 4 oscillations,as this part of the pattern then there could be some shorting in the coil.




SECONDARY VOLTAGE PATTERNS


Set up your ignition oscilloscope or lab scope to view the secondary ignition patterns on your lab scope,with the engine warmed up and idling.(Use parade mode or individual mode on each different cylinder,depending on scope available.)


Record the average FIRING ORDER or the SET UP VOLTAGE for each cylinder


Record the average BURN TIME for each cylinder


From the ignition pattern reading we had achieved from the test we had done we can see that the firing voltages were 5KV in all the four cylinders.And we saw the burn time of 1.4 ms in all four cylinders.This reading proves that the ignition in this engine is normal.All the values are in range with the manufacturer's specifications.
We got a good result.


Secondary output is shown by presenting each secondary trace,side by side;
To ease the measurement the vertical trace lines are broadened.
Normally the pattern is displayed in order that the spark plugs are fired.
This trace shows clearly the voltage needed initially to fire each spark plug.
If conditions are normal,the height of each prominent verticals is similar.


Do a Snap Acceleration(don't damage the engine by revving too high for too long) and record in the chart below how high the FIRING VOLTAGE (KV) went under Snap Acceleration.
   ........................................................................................................................................
CYL1            CYL2               CYL3              CYL4              Secondary Ignition
   .........................................................................................................................................
5KV.              5KV.                 5KV.              5KV.               Firing Voltage (KV)


1.4ms          1.4ms                 1.4ms               1.4ms              Burn Time (ms)


7KV.           7KV.                  7KV.                7KV.               Snap Acceleration 
   ..................................................................................................................................


Are all these Snap Acceleration secondary ignition voltage readings normal?
Yes.

If you can safely do this,(with the engine stopped),gently disconnect one spark plug wire,and short to the engine with a jumper wire.
Which cylinder number did you short?
Cylinder number 4.


Start the engine and let it idle (for only a short time).Record the new FIRING VOLTAGE and BURN TIME FOR ALL THE CYLINDERS 


   ...................................................................................................................................
CYL1                  CYL2              CYL3                  CYL4             Secondary Ignition
                                                                                                      (One cylinder grounded)
   ..................................................................................................................................
   6                            6                    6                        4                   Firing Voltage (KV)


1.4ms                     1.4ms             1.4ms                 1.4ms             Burn Time (ms)
   .................................................................................................................................

The Secondary Ignition waveform of a single cylinder.

The Secondary Ignition waveform of  the four cylinders.

                                                                                                                                      
    

Picture of #4 spark plug out.And the engine running.

The spark plug wire grounded to the engine.

1.

2.

                                                                                                                                                         

Pictures 1. and 2. clearly show the difference between a normal ignition waveform and a waveform which is showing a sign of a malfunctioning ignition system.We can clearly see how the waveform is different in cylinder number four.This is because the spark plug lead to cylinder  # 4 has been removed.And the difference in the two waveforms is because the gap we had set between the plug and the ground was more in the first picture.And the waveform is smaller in the second picture because the gap between the plug and the ground is less.That means that the spark has to travel less to ground.
The KV is very low.

This is a very good example for us to understand why we should always have good spark plugs in our vehicles.The bigger gap between the spark plug and the ground requires a longer burn time.

That could be one of the reasons why the vehicle may be taking a bit more fuel than before.

And may lose a bit of power.

Stop the engine and attach a spark tester to another spark plug wire.Start the engine and let it idle (for only a short time).Record the new Firing Voltage and Burn Time for all the cylinders in the chart below.

   .....................................................................................................................................

CYL#1                CYL#2                  CYL#3                CYL#4          Secondary Ignition

                                                                                                      (Spark tester on one cylinder)

   .....................................................................................................................................

5KV                        5KV                   5KV                       9KV            Firing Voltage (KV)

1.5ms                      1.5ms                  1.5ms                    1.5ms           Burn Time (ms

  ....................................................................................................................................

Stopped the engine.

Removed the spark tester.Replaced the spark plug wire back in the engine.

Started the engine again.

                                                          Engine back to normal  

                                                                          

Everything normal.Engine running smoothly.
No warning lights are ON.

The engine Idle is normal.There is no mis-firing.

The rpm is steady.That proves that all the plugs are firing.

                 .................................................................................................................

      OXYGEN SENSORS ON VEHICLE

The Oxygen Sensor is the device in the engine that is measuring the amount of oxygen in the exhaust.It is also known as the Lambda sensor.

One example i know of is the Jaguar cars.I had to work on a 2002 Jaguar car.Got the ECU scanned.It had multiple errors coming up.And one of these errors was a Lambda sensor.The scanner was not picking up an oxygen sensor,but a Lambda sensor.

The sensor is mounted in the exhaust manifold.And all the exhaust gases pass over it.As the the heat and the exhaust gases pass over it,it takes readings.And sends these readings to the ECU.The ECU then processes this information and adjusts the engine controls accordingly.

Some vehicles seem to have two oxygen sensors.But the bottom ones are normally the heater.

The oxygen sensor is closed loop feedback controlled.

The oxygen sensor is in constant communication with the ECU to determine if the ratio of the air/fuel mixture igniting in the combustion chamber is rich or it is lean.

Oxygen sensors are very sensitive.It should not be dropped.

The oxygen sensor can be checked using a OBD scanner,with an oscilloscope,and also with a multimeter.The oxygen sensor should be replaced to the vehicle manufacturer's specifications.There are many different threads on the oxygen sensors.Should be alert when replacing a oxygen sensor.

Normally the engine check light comes ON if the oxygen sensor is no good.But i saw a Nissan pulsar that was doing just the opposite.This was on Warsame's car.Even with the oxygen sensor wiring plug OFF,the engine check light was OFF.And most of the readings we took of the input sensors were normal.A bit strange result.

*Even if the Oxygen sensor is faulty,the car will still start.
*May have a warning light ON in the dash.

*The vehicle we used to test the oxygen sensor was a 1995 Toyota Cynos.

It's an automatic car with 4A-FE Engine in it.Registration number CHC 775.

Locate Oxygen Sensor

Locate an oxygen sensor on your vehicle.Describe where it is located:

The Oxygen Sensor is located on the Exhaust Manifold on this engine.

The oxygen sensor

It is visible from the top.

It's in the middle of the exhaust manifold.On the side.

It's in a very good spot.It can be accessed easily.Can use a spanner to open it if the sensor needs to be changed someday.

Some vehicles have the Oxygen Sensor in a very difficult to reach place.

You have to open a lot of things to get to the sensor.

How many wires for this oxygen sensor?

This Oxygen Sensor has got 1 wire only.

Normally this is the signal wire.

Can't be said the same for all Oxygen Sensors.Some European designed sensors are totally opposite to the Japanese designed sensors.

This 1 is a Japanese sensor.So it's the signal wire.

Record the colours for each of the wires at the sensor side of the connector (not the ECU side of the connector).Then list the use of the wires.Usually a black or blue wire will be the Oxygen Sensor signal,Grey may be the sensor ground.Heater power and ground are often white.But there are other colours.You may have to consult a wiring diagram.

Colour                                                 Use or Purpose

Black                                                   Signal Output

What type of Oxygen Sensor is this?

The sensor on this engine is the Zirconium switching sensor.

Back probe the Oxygen Signal Wire with a pin and connect to an oscilloscope.

Check that you are connected to the Oxygen sensor signal:Run the engine and check that you are seeing a signal.Connected ok?

Yes.It's connected properly.

And we got a signal.

How high does the voltage go?

0.819 Volts.

How low does the voltage go?

0.169 Volts.

What is the average voltage?(Some oscilloscopes have functions that will calculate the average for you).

0.49 Volts.

How many "Cross Counts" does the signal have in 10 seconds? (One cross count is when it goes from high to low,or from low to high)

List here:7.

If the signal is not cycling normally,describe what the signal does:

Not in a closed loop.

The sensor will not respond.

The ECU cannot control the fuel injection.

Watch and Record Oxygen Signal pattern at Idle rpm.Let the engine warm up and enter a closed loop so you see a normal cycling pattern.You may have to hold the rpm at about 2500 for half a minute to go into closed loop.Then let the rpm come down to Idle.

How high does the voltage go?

0.759 Volts.

How long does the voltage go?

0.413 Volts.

What is the average voltage?

0.49 Volts.

How many "Cross Counts" does the signal have in 10 seconds?(One cross count is when it goes from high to low,or from low to high).

List here:5.

Make this Oxygen Sensor go rich by accelerating once or twice.(The fuel system should normally make the system go rich when you do a sudden acceleration).Push on the accelerator quickly but don't let the rpm go high enough to damage the engine.

The signal should go over 0.85 Volts.

                                                                                   

                                                                      

How high does the Oxygen Sensor voltage go?

The  reading that we got was 0.954 Volts.

If this signal is not going high normally,describe what the signal does:

That means that the exhaust gases are in a lean condition.This is the information that is supplied from the oxygen sensor and processed by the ECU.

Make this Oxygen Sensor go lean by doing a sudden deceleration.Gently run the rpm up to about 3000 and let the rpm drop suddenly.The fuel system should make the system go lean on deceleration.The signal should go below 0.2 Volts.

                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Discuss how a Zirconium Oxygen Sensor works:

Discuss how good or bad this Oxygen sensor is.What about it functions well or is it faulty?Can it accurately tell the ECU how rich or lean the exhaust is?

Lambda sensors produce a voltage that recognises the amount of unburnt oxygen in the exhaust.

When hot (at least 250 degrees),the Zirconium dioxide element in the sensor's tip produces a voltage that varies according to the amount of the oxygen in the exhaust compared to the ambient oxygen level in the outside air.The greater the difference,the higher the sensors output voltage.Sensor output ranges from 0.2 volts (lean) to 0.8 volts (rich).A perfectly balanced or "stoichiometric" fuel mixture of 14.7 parts of air to 1 part of fuel gives an average reading of around 0.45 volts.The Lambda sensor's voltage doesn't remain constant.It rocks back and forth from rich to lean.Every time the voltage reverses itself and goes from high to low,or vice versa,it's called a "cross count".A good oxygen sensor on a injection system should fluctuate from rich to lean about 1 time per second.If the number of cross counts is lower than this,it tells you that the oxygen sensor is getting sluggish,and needs to re-placed.

                     ............................................................................................................................

                         FLASH CODES

The vehicle we used to check for the Flash Codes was a 1995 Toyota Cynos Juno.It's an automatic 2 door sedan with 4A-FE engine in it.

Warning:Be careful working around engines and exercise caution to avoid injury.

NOTE:The engine check light must be working.

Flash/Blink Codes

Find a engine/vehicle that you have the workshop manual with the correct procedure and codes to diagnose the flash codes.

Create a fault in the EFI system.

Using the workshop manual follow the procedure to extract the codes,explain briefly what is the procedure.

We used a Toyota Cynos.This has the 4A-FE engine in it.The engines in our practical class are mostly Toyota 4A-FE.All these engines in the workshop have a manual.

The procedure to extract codes for this particular engine is by bridging the pins E1 and TE1.

Turn Ignition OFF.Bridge pin E1 and TE1.

Once this is done,turn Ignition ON.

Check the "check engine light".It will blink.Count the number of times it blinks.

Example:If it blinks 3 times and there is a short pause and then it blinks 4 times,then that means that the code is 34.Then you can check the code in the manual.Or you can google it up.

I was fixing a Toyota Starlet.Was fixing the power windows.Saw the check light ON.
Bridged the E1 and TE1 Pins.
The engine check light blinked 5 times then stopped.It then blinked 2 times.
That meant that the code was 52.Googled up the code.
It was the Knock Sensor.
Told the customer what to change.I should increase my charges now.!

                                         BACK PROBING
                                                                

                                           Testing for the right and left indicator wires.
                                           Using the test lamp.

Should always be careful not to damage the wires.
Or your finger as well.If you push hard on the wire,and you got your finger behind the wire as a support,you will injure yourself if you slip on the wire.
Also if you are checking for wires,make sure the ground is good.
Many times a steel piece in the vehicle is not grounded.
And if you don't see any power,you may think the unit you testing is faulty.
And mis-diagnose the fault.

   .....................................................................................................................................................

                           BLOG # 4

ANTI LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS LAB WORKBOOK

The Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) is a braking system that is in all the cars produced today.
It's a safety feature because it doesn't lock up the wheels when you brake hard.
It allows the driver to have steering control while still braking hard.
The ABS decreases the vehicle stopping distance.The efficiency of the braking will be different on different surfaces.You will brake differently on a sealed road and brake differently on a gravel road. 
When you brake hard,you can feel the brake pedal vibrating
There are a few types of ABS systems.There is 4 channel type which has all four wheels with seperate brake lines.There is three channel ABS system,where three lines control the four wheels.Two for the front and one line controlling the rear wheels.And we have the one channel ABS,where one line controls the rear wheels.
When you go car shopping,you will see all the car yards have the the car features written on the wind screen.And all will have ABS on it.Everyone wants a safe car.And cars with ABS will sell. 
Some cars have have a simple ABS system.Easy to work on.And some vehicles use a much complex system.Some sports cars have massive power.And they accelerate really fast.And they need to have really good braking systems to be able to stop as well.
That is the reason why the sports cars have big brake rotors and big brake discs.The brake pads apply braking pressure over a bigger area.And is easier to stop the vehicle.
Some of the rotors even have grooves cut on them.This is done to stop the rotors from getting too hot when braking.
The trucks have Engine braking.This system blocks the exhaust pipe and tries to stall the engine.And slows the truck.Good system because on load just the brakes won't be enough to stop the truck. 

The ABS system works when the engine is running.And when the engine is running,all the vehicles power is supplied by the alternator.That is the reason that we see about 14 volts and not 12 volts for the ABS power input.
So if the alternator is not charging,and the vehicle is being driven,the ABS system is not getting sufficient power to operate.
That's why many times when the warning lights come ON,it's the alternator that's faulty.
That means that if the alternator is not charging,all the power is being supplied by the battery.And the battery is not charging.It is dis-charging.
After a while of driving if the brakes are slammed hard,the ABS may not even work.Because the battery doesn't have enough power to run the car and supply high current to the ABS Pump.
The alternator does play a very important role in the vehicle.

That's what happened to Steve's car.His warning lights used to come ON.
And he thought there was a loose connection in the dash.
But it was his alternator that wasn't charging.He changed the regulator and all the problems gone.

I was fitting an alarm system in a 2005 Mazda ATTENZA.
Very neat car.Had only done 103000 kms.Kept in a good condition.
Everything was fine.Found all the required wires for the alarm.
Hooked up the alarm system.Doors were locking and un-locking.
But when i started the car,the ABS Warning light and the Engine check light were ON.

The ABS and the Engine check light ON.

Tried a few times to turn the car OFF and then start it again.

But the lights were still ON.

The idle was fine.No engine vibrations.

Finished everything with the alarm.Assembled the dash trim.

Then i took the car for a drive.

While driving,the ABS warning light went OFF.

I'm not sure why the light came ON.

Maybe the system sensed an error when i disconnected one of the plugs to find the vehicle indicator wires.

Or maybe i used the normal test lamp when finding the alarm wires.Normally the L.E.D Computer safe tester should be used.

It is common for the ABS light to turn ON when working on the vehicles brakes.

It normally goes OFF when the vehicle is driven

                                                           ABS warning light OFF.

Called the customer.Told her that the car was ready.
Disconnected the positive battery terminal.

She came to pick her car up in 35 minutes.
                                                                                

Told her she had some issues in her car because the Engine check light was ON.

She said she had the car for 2 1/2 years.And the Engine check light has been ON for some time.

I told the customer that we can fix the problem.She said she spent $2000 trying to fix it.

The mechanic that works on the car changed the Knock sensor.the ABS sensors and the AIR BAG sensor.But the problem doesn't go away.

The technician must have been just guessing and doing things trial and error method.

Connected the battery wire again.The Engine Check Light was OFF.
The customer was really happy.I guess i should have charged her a bit extra for fixing the problem.
Haven't heard back from the customer.
Maybe the problem is really fixed.

                 The Engine check light still ON before dis-connecting the battery wire

ABS light is ON.But the problem is not in the ABS system.It is mechanical.Collapsed wheel bearing.

If someone is driving a manual vehicle and suddenly has to brake hard to avoid an accident,and if the driver doesn't press the clutch if the vehicle is in gear then the engine will stall.
And if the engine stalls and goes OFF,the brake pedal will go hard.This is because there is no vacuum going to the brake booster.
Not sure if the ABS will still work 100 %.
May work at a slightly less rate.

And if the ABS is not working at all,then there is still brakes but the normal way.
The wheels will lock up.

                
Off-car Exercises

Think about ABS Repair:

Misconceptions,The ABS system should be simple and robust,with the Module/ECU/Controller almost never giving any trouble.

Below are some possible causes for damaging an ECU.

• Spiked by careless welding,i.e.MIG welding without disconnecting the battery.
• Enclosure seal damaged and with obvious sign of water ingress
• Obvious signs of mechanical damage to the enclosure

Often the ECU will be diagnosed as faulty,usually because the technician is inexperienced in faultfinding.

• Faults are much more likely to be with the connections or sensors.True

Discuss how these ECU issues should be incorporated into diagnostic  practices to test an ABS system:
Sometimes many mechanics mis-diagnose ABS faults just by looking at the ABS sensor.
If the sensor looks good and none of the wires are broken,it doesn't mean that the sensor is still good.
And the other thing i have noticed is that guys use the normal test lamps to see if the power is coming to the sensor.But they don't realise that the ABS sensor is not a solenoid,and will not show any voltage by turning the test lamp bulb ON or OFF.
Most of the ECU damage is caused by back-probing the test lamp in wires that shouldn't be played up with.
This is when a simple job becomes really costly.And the poor customer has to pay the bill.

ABS  Wiring and Operation
Lets review the ABS system to remind ourselves what components are included and how they should work.

                                                                                     

1. Brake rotor
2. ABS Sensor
3. Tooth Wheel
4. Hydraulic Modulator
5. Master Cylinder
6. Brake Caliper
7. Brake Booster

Wiring Diagram Practice

There are a number of components in the ABS system that are also used for fuel injection.These are mostly speed sensors e.g.wheel speed and engine speed.

Using the wiring diagram in the workshop manuals identify the wheel speed sensors and list their wire colours for each sensor

Front right  : B,W         Black,White

Front left  : G,R            Green,Red

Rear left  :  L,P             Blue,Pink

Rear right  : Y,BR        Yellow,Brown

On the ABS wheel sensor what is the reason for the braided wire?

• To protect the wires from the Electro Magnetic Field.
• Also to protect the wires from vibration,and heat.
• Also to make it easier to identify the ABS wires.

Identify and list all the fuses that are used by the ABS circuit.

• 10 Amp   -GAUGE
• 15 Amp   -STOP
• 15 Amp   -ECU  IG
• 20 Amp   -DOME
• FL MAIN, F 14 50 AMP    ABS

Identify the earths for the ABS control unit and ABS motor.Their wire colours and what pin numbers.

ABS  ECU GROUND PINS =10B,7B
ABS MOTOR  =PIN 23

On the wiring diagram for the ABS actuator,identify which solenoids control which wheel cylinder.Then note the wire colours and pin numbers

Front Right Wheel
Pin number:2B,6B
Wire colour:R/W,R/G = Red/White,Red/Green

Front Left Wheel
Pin number:3B,7B
Wire colour:L/R,L/W  = Blue/Red,Blue/White

Rear Left Wheel
Pin number:1B,5B
Wire colour:BR/W,BR/R  = Brown/White,Brown/Red

Rear Right Wheel
Pin number:4B,8B
Wire colour:G/B,G/Y  = Green/Black stripe,Green/Yellow stripe

                                                                            

Using the picture as a guide,what is the correct condition of the inlet and outlet solenoid valves under normal braking?
B. Inlet valve Open    Outlet valve Closed

What is the correct condition of the inlet and outlet solenoid valve when the ABS is operating to reduce wheel pressure?
C.  Inlet valve Closed    Outlet valve Open

What is the correct condition of the inlet and outlet solenoid valves when the ABS is operating to hold brake pressure?
D.  Inlet valve Closed   Outlet valve Closed

What is the correct condition of the inlet and outlet solenoid valve when the ABS is operating to increase wheel brake pressure?
B.  Inlet valve Open    Outlet valve Closed

The ABS Pump on a Honda CRV we worked on

                                                                     The ABS valves                           

In the four cases above,state when the ABS motor will be working?
The ABS will be working when the Inlet valve is open and the Outlet valve is closed.

Sometimes when the braking gets a bit sluggish,many guys just straight away think it's the ABS pump.
Or even the sensors.But the valves get blocked also.It is common. 

ABS Demonstrators
Locate the wiring diagram for your demonstrator vehicle.Find the ABS wheel speed sensor pin-out connections to the ECU on the wiring diagram and the demonstrator.Record which ECU wires go to which wheel speed sensors:

Left front   ECU Pin # 4 and 5

Left rear   ECU Pin # 7 and 9

Right front  ECU Pin # 11 and 21

Right rear  ECU Pin # 24 and 26

By looking at the wiring diagram,what type of speed sensor is this?
This is a four channel ABS system.
It is a magnetic or inductive sensor.

Describe how it works:
The sensor is mounted on the vehicle suspension.Near the brakes.The tooth wheel on the brake hub constantly gives information to the sensor while the vehicle is moving.This signal is sent by the sensor to the ABS ECU.
The wheel speed sensors constantly monitor and send information to the ABS ECU.But normally the ABS function kicks in after the vehicle is travelling over 20 km/hr

Some ABS ECU units even have built-in self diagnosing systems

Locate an oscilloscope.Turn it ON and set it up to be fully operational.What oscilloscope are you using?
Scope.
AC Range.

Are all the waveforms exactly the same?
No.

What are the differences and what can cause these differences between the waveforms?
Different voltages
Different gap size
Dirt and Debris between the sensor and the teeth on the wheel.

With the wheel speed sensors spinning,measure AC volts with a multi-meter and record here:

Left front   3.2 V

Left rear   4.09 V

Right front   2.79V

Right rear   2.87V

Can a multi-meter be as accurate in finding problems with the wheel speed sensors as an oscilloscope?
No.
Discuss what the oscilloscope could find that the multi-meter can not find and why:
The oscilloscope can take very small readings as well.And very fast signals as well.
But the multimeter cannot pick up the fast signals.

ABS Relays

                                                                  The ABS Relays

Looking at the wire colours and the Bosch Relays,i can say this ABS system is off a European car.

One thing we noticed with the ABS Relays is that the Pins were quite big.And the Relay itself is bigger than the normal relays.The reason for this must be because the when the ABS pump is activated,it requires a large current.And to avoid damage to the relay,the manufacturer uses a big high output relay.
It looks like a 50 amp or even higher current rated relay.

Record the name of the relay or switch that powers up the ABS ECU:(look at the wiring diagram)
K 39    4 Pin Relay

Record the name of the relay or switch that powers up the ABS Pump:(look at the wiring diagram)
K 100    4 Pin relay     
              ABS Pump Relay

Record the name of the relay or switch that sends power to the ABS HCU solenoids:(look at the wiring diagram)
K 38    5 Pin Relay

Relay wire identification:(Consult the wiring diagram)
What is the ECU Pin number for the wire that brings in the power to the ABS ECU?
Pin # 1      (sw,rt)

What is the ECU pin number,or other number,for the wire that controls the relay for the ABS ECU?
Pin # 15     (Ignition Switch---Ignition ON) 

What is the Pin number for the wire that brings in the power to the ABS Pump?
Pin # 13   (from the ECU)

What is the pin number,or other number,for the wire that controls the relay for the ABS Pump?
Pin # 28  (from ECU)
                Most probably (-ve)   

• Waveform showing the ABS Relay activating
• Also showing the ABS Pump turning ON

The waveform shows the cycle of the ABS pump when in operation.
The ABS pump doesn't stay ON full time.
When the brakes are applied hard,the ABS ECU gets the power from the brake switch.
The pump turns ON and OFF really fast.
That's the reason we can feel the vibration on the brake pedal when the ABS System is activated

The first ABS Relay Waveform that we recorded.This is wrong.

The pattern is wrong.It was done on wrong setting....................

In this graph we can see the ABS Relay turn ON

But it stays ON.It is not switching.

And the ABS pump is not activating.

The ABS Pump and the ABS Relay switch together when activated

                                                  Waveform of the solenoids working.

We can see the solenoids turning ON and OFF.
This is switching at a fast rate.
This is because the ABS works really fast.

Measure the air gap for each wheel sensor.
State the air gap and visual condition of each wheel sensor

*We used a brass Feeler Gauge
*Steel feeler gauge shouldn't be used

Front Right
0.016 inch                     0.406 mm
The sensor is in good condition.

Front Left
0.026 inch                     0.660 mm
The sensor is in good condition.

Rear Right
0.016 inch                     0.406 mm
The sensor is in good condition.

Rear Left
0.022 inch                    0.958 mm
The sensor is in good condition.

Using a Scan Tool
The car that we were doing the testing on was a 1998 Mazda Familiar.
It didn't have any numbers on the wind screen.I saw the details on the seat belt.
All cars have their manufacture date on the seat belt.
This is a Unitec vehicle.# 8129

Plugged in the scan tool.
This is the result that i got on the scan tool

1.   12.  B 2200,B 2600 i    MPV:SYSTEM NORMAL
      ELSE :WSS, SR (LF)-OPEN OR SHORT

2.   41.  WSS,SR (LF)-OPEN OR SHORT

     42. WSS , SR (LF) -OPEN OR SHORT

3.  51.  FAIL SAFE RELAY-OPEN OR SHORT

     11      B 2200     B 2600.  MPV:BRAKE LAMP SW

4. ELSE:WSS, SR (RF) -OPEN OR SHORT

The reason we were getting all these codes is because this vehicle is a training car.And it has been played with. 

1.

                                                                             

                                                                                    

2.

3.

                                        
Pictures 1,2 and 3 are off a 2002 PEUGEOT 206 ABS Motor.It was not working.We changed the whole motor.Picture 2 is the old unit and picture 3 is the new unit.Its second hand.But the ABS system worked fine after it was fitted.                                                                                        

                                                                        

                                                                            

CAN - Multiplexing Worksheet

1.0  CAN Waveform on Oscilloscope

1.1 Locate the Range Rover or other suitable vehicle with easily accessible CAN system twisted wires.What vehicle do you have?

The vehicle that we did the tests on was a 2001 RANGE ROVER VOGUE    

1.2 Locate a twisted wire pair.Describe where the wires are located:

                                                                          

The twisted CAN wires that we tested was located in front of the ABS Pump.There was a plug connected to the ABS Pump.The twisted wires were connected to the plug.

1.3 Record the waveform of one of the wires below:

(Make sure your time is small enough so you don't have "aliasing".)

                                                              

Colour of wire:YELLOW / BROWN STRIPE

Time per division:10 MICRO SECONDS

Voltage per division:2 VOLTS

1.4 Record the waveform of the other wire in the twisted pair.

In this picture we can the waveform of the two wires together.

It is like a mirror reflexion.

Colour of wire:YELLOW / BLACK STRIPE

Time per division:10 MICRO SECONDS

Voltage per division:2 VOLTS.

1.5 What is aliasing?Describe it.

In signal processing and related disciplines,aliasing refers to an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable (or aliases of one another) when sampled.

It also refers to the distortion or artifact that results when the signal reconstructed from samples is different from the original continuous signal.

*Information from:WIKIPEDIA

Aliasing is like a ghost image appearing on a image.

Like a shadow.Making all the images not so clear.

                                                                                 

                                       The two wires waveform.The frequency is quite fast.            

1.6 How do you know these waveforms are not "aliasing"?

The waveforms that we had recorded were clear.

There wasn't any other blurred images with it.

1.7 In the 1.3 waveform above,what is the main voltage on the line?

      2.85 VOLTS.

What is the other voltage on the line,when the voltage is pulled up or down to "talk"?

      1.9 VOLTS.

1.8 In the 1.4 waveform above,what is the main voltage on the line?

      2.9 VOLTS.

What is the voltage on the line,when the voltage is pulled up or down to "talk"?

      4.8 VOLTS.

1.9 Observe the signals in 1.3 and 1.4 above with your voltmeter.Compare it with DC volts or AC volts setting.Which setting would tell you if the signal is switching.Explain:

We tested the signals using a multi-meter.

The multi-meter was set on AC range.

The reading we got was 5.3 Volts/AC and 0.4 Volts/AC.

The DC range setting measures the voltage at a set point.

The AC range setting measures the signal when switching.

2.0 Scan Tool Observations

2.1 Find a vehicle that will show CAN system operation on a scan tool (such as the Range Rover.)

Which vehicle are you using?

We were using a 2001 Range Rover Vogue

Which scan tool are you using?

We were using AUTOBOSS.

Very good scanner.Touch screen.And easy to use.

1.

2.

                                 Pictures 1. and 2. show the data that we saw on the scanner.  

                                 It shows all the vehicle controls.                          

The scanner is plugged in.

Now we are in the vehicles CAN System.We can see the electrical controls.We even can operate most of these electrical components from the scanner.We were operating the power windows from the scanner.

Using the scanner to operate the window

 We tried to look for the 2001 Range Rover Vogue details on the scanner.But these details were not coming up on the screen.So we used the BMW details.And it worked.Can see on the actual wiring as well that the BMW parts are being used.

   

                                  There are a lot of wires that are twisted together in pairs.

Mostly the twisted wires indicate that the wires are CAN wires.

But in this case these are not the CAN wires.These wires are the wires from the car stereo.

This vehicle has got a built-in factory amplifier.

If the head unit (stereo) is changed to a after-market unit,there won't be any sound coming from the speakers.

This is because the wires from the factory radio go to the amplifier,and then from the amplifier the wires are connected to the speakers.

That means that all the twisted wires are not CAN wires.

                               HONDA MULTIPLEXING BOARD WORKSHEET

                                          

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

    All the pictures above are of the the Honda Multiplexing system.